caste based reservation policy of India

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The birth of India's reservation system may be traced back to the country's long-standing caste structure. In layman's words, it's about facilitating access to government jobs, educational institutions, and even legislatures for particular categories of individuals. These communities have historically been treated unfairly because of their caste identification. Because it is based on quotas, the reserve could be considered positive discrimination. Government policies, which are sanctioned by the Indian Constitution, govern it in India.



William Hunter and Jyotirao Phule proposed the caste-based reservation scheme in 1882. The 'Communal Award,' given by British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald in 1933, established the reservation system that still exists today. The award established separate electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans, and Dalits. After months of deliberation, Gandhi and Ambedkar signed the 'Poona Pact,' which formed a unified Hindu electorate subject to certain restrictions. After independence, reservations were initially only open to SCs and STs. In 1991, the Mandal Commission recommended that OBCs be included in the reservation system. In the Indra Sawhney Case of 1992, the Supreme Court upheld the 27% quota for backward classes but reversed a government notification reserving 10% of government employment for economically backward classes within the higher castes. The Supreme Court affirmed the idea that the overall number of reservation beneficiaries should not exceed 50% of India's population in the same decision. As a result of this decision, the term "creamy layer" was coined, as was the stipulation that reservations for backward classes be confined to first appointments alone and not extend to promotions. In the unreserved category in government posts and educational institutions, the Constitutional (103rd Amendment) Act of 2019 established a 10% reservation for the "economically disadvantaged" in the unreserved category. The Act amends Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution to allow the government to grant economic disadvantage reservations. This economic reservation of 10% is in addition to the 50% reservation maximum.

Reservations, on the other hand, are required:

-To atone for the historical injustices that the country's lower castes have endured.

-To level the playing field for the poor, who have long been unable to compete with those who have benefited from wealth and resources.

-Ensure that the underserved are sufficiently represented in government-run services.

-In order to help the less fortunate.

-In order for meritocracy to be founded on equality, everyone must be brought up to the same level before being graded on their abilities.

In the long run, we can infer that reservation is fair in the sense that it allows for legitimate positive discrimination in favour of oppressed and economically disadvantaged people. However, if it undermines society and ensures benefits for some at the expense of others for narrow political aims, it should be repealed as quickly as possible. The castes who are part of the reservation system experience hostility and prejudice from the communities who are not. The country as a whole gets stagnant when more people desire to be backwards rather than forwards. Lowering entry barriers should not taint meritocracy; rather, it should be supported by providing financial help to the poor.

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